The Latest Anti-Aging Treatment: Getting a Dog?

最新的抗衰老治疗:养狗?

许多狗主人私下怀疑,拥有自己的小狗对他们来说会更好,但他们可能没有意识到科学证明了这一点。最近的研究表明,我们的狗可以帮助我们活得更长、更健康、更幸福

养狗可以延长寿命
过去的研究试图找出宠物是否会影响人的寿命。然而,其中许多研究规模较小、没有结论,或者不同研究的结果相互矛盾。因此,两组研究人员对更大的人群进行了研究,试图得出更好的答案。

在一项新研究中,研究人员将许多过去的实验合并为一大组[1]。这项新分析包含了近 400 万人的信息!研究人员比较了养宠物和不养宠物的人的寿命。在研究过程中,养狗的人死亡几率降低了 24%。当研究人员只考虑心脏病引起的死亡时,这种风险的降低甚至更大。有四足朋友的人死于心血管疾病的可能性降低 31%

第二项研究将养狗与心脏病相关死亡之间的联系更加紧密[2]。当一个人患过一次心脏病或中风时,他们再次患心脏病或中风的可能性就会大大增加,因此这项研究调查了超过 180,000 名曾经历过心脏病或中风的人。养狗的人再次心脏病发作的可能性较小,死亡的可能性也降低了 21%。有趣的是,与与伴侣或孩子一起生活的人相比,独居者的影响甚至更强。这项研究表明,狗可以帮助我们所有人活得更长,这可能是因为更好的心血管健康

狗与心脏健康
养狗和保持良好的心脏健康之间可能存在联系,原因有以下几个:

 

  • 养狗的人身体活动更加活跃[3]。你的狗的需求给了你一个很好的理由离开沙发去散步。运动可以降低血压和改善胆固醇水平,从而使人的心脏和血管更健康。
  • 养狗往往会使人花更多的时间在户外,无论这意味着在街区散步还是去当地的公园。在户外闲逛也与更好的健康[4]有关。
  • 与宠物同住可以减轻压力,从而改善心脏功能。在一项研究中,人们在收养宠物后能够降低血压[5]。正常的血压水平与更长的寿命有关[6]。

    看来宠物,尤其是狗,可以使人们的心脏更加健康,并延长寿命。美国心脏协会甚至表示,与其他既定治疗方法相结合,养狗可以帮助降低人患心脏病的风险[7]。


    宠物在心理健康中的作用
    宠物还能如何让我们更健康?一种方法是它们促进我们的心理健康,这也与长寿有关

    一项研究发现,当人们与狗玩耍时,他们的大脑会产生更多的催产素[8]。此外,一个人与狗的关系越密切,它们产生的催产素就越多。 催产素是一种最初被发现在怀孕和母婴关系中发挥作用的激素。现在,我们知道它也涉及其他类型的社会关系。 催产素影响我们的幸福感以及信任和爱他人的意愿[9]。这种激素也与我们与宠物的联系有关,这是有道理的。一些专家发现,我们与宠物的关系通常类似于父母和孩子的关系,并且具有无条件的爱和接受的元素[10]。

    宠物还可以振奋我们的精神。养宠物的人,尤其是养狗的人,报告称他们的心理健康状况更好,对自己的生活也更满意[11]。宠物主人的抑郁症发病率也往往较低[12]。

    狗在我们的生活中扮演着重要的社会角色。许多人对我们的动物伙伴的依恋就像我们对人类伙伴的依恋一样,甚至更甚。人们感觉他们的宠物是他们家庭的一员,这并不罕见。特别是对于独居或与其他人疏远的人来说,宠物可以缓解孤独感和孤立感[12]。这非常重要,尤其是随着我们年龄的增长。孤独与健康状况恶化有关,包括智力下降、心脏健康状况恶化和阿尔茨海默病[13]。随着年龄的增长,宠物可能有助于保护我们免受这些事情的影响,让我们有更多的时间健康地生活。这种效果不仅限于狗 - 即使照顾宠物蟋蟀也被证明可以促进老年人的心理健康[14]!

     

    对于想要长寿的人来说,考虑促进和维持心理健康很重要。患有严重精神疾病的人可能会提前14-32年死亡[15]。他们更有可能患上慢性疾病,这可能使他们在生命早期病情加重,寿命缩短。即使精神疾病不太严重的人患癌症、糖尿病、心脏病和肺病等疾病的风险也更大。在所有精神障碍患者中,男性寿命缩短10年,女性平均寿命缩短7年[16]。采取措施解决心理健康问题可以产生巨大的变化。养狗可能在解决可能导致人寿命缩短数年的健康问题方面发挥重要作用

     

    我们的宠物可以帮助我们长寿
    除了更好的心脏健康和更好的心理健康之外,据报道,养宠物的人还有许多其他健康益处。其中包括:[13]
    • 疗养院居民的痴呆症减少
    • 减少烦躁和攻击性
    • 降低疼痛程度
    • 提高正念
    • 癫痫患者猝死的风险较低
    • 经历过创伤的人的焦虑、抑郁和愤怒较少
    • 皮质醇等应激激素减少,多巴胺增加

     

    其中许多事情在过上长寿而幸福的生活中发挥着作用。狗可能无法完全保护我们免受疾病和死亡的侵害,但它们可以在我们的健康生活方式中发挥重要作用。我们的犬类伙伴绝对赢得了人类最好的朋友的称号。


       

      参考:

       

      1.克莱默·CK,穆罕默德·S,孙·RS。狗的所有权和生存:系统回顾和荟萃分析。 Circ 心血管质量结果。 2019;12(10):e005554。 doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005554
      2. Mubanga M、Byberg L、Egenvall A、Ingelsson E、Fall T。重大心血管事件后的狗所有权和生存:基于登记的前瞻性研究。 Circ 心血管质量结果。 2019;12(10):e005342。 doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.005342
      3. Serpell J. 养宠物对人类健康和行为某些方面的有益影响。 J R 社会医学。 1991;84(12):717-720。
      4. Twohig-Bennett C,Jones A。户外活动的健康益处:对绿色空间暴露和健康结果的系统回顾和荟萃分析。环境资源部。 2018;166:628-637。 doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.030
      5. Allen K, Shykoff BE, Izzo JL Jr. 养宠物会减弱家庭血压对精神压力的反应,但 ACE 抑制剂治疗不会。高血压。 2001;38(4):815-820。
      6. Franco OH、Peeters A、Bonneux L、de Laet C。男性和女性成年期血压和心血管疾病预期寿命:生命历程分析。高血压。 2005;46(2):280-286。 doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000173433.67426.9b
      7. Levine GN、Allen K、Braun LT 等人。养宠物和心血管风险:美国心脏协会的科学声明。循环。 2013;127(23):2353-2363。 doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829201e1
      8. Nagasawa M,Kikusui T,Onaka T,Ohta M。在社交互动中,狗对主人的凝视会增加主人的尿液催产素。霍姆行为。 2009;55(3):434-441。 doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.12.002
      9. Magon N,Kalra S。催产素的性高潮历史:爱、欲望和劳动。印度内分泌代谢杂志。 2011;15 增补 3(增补 3):S156-S161。号码:10.4103/2230-8210.84851
      10. Archer J. 为什么人们喜欢他们的宠物?进化嗡嗡声行为。 1997;18(4):237-259。号码:10.1016/S0162-3095(99)80001-4
      11. Bao KJ, Schreer G. 宠物与幸福:检验养宠物与幸福之间的关系。人类。 2016;29(2):283-296。号码:10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721
      12. Hess-Holden CL、Monaghan CL、Justice CA。宠物丧亲支持小组:心理健康专业人员指南。 J创造心理健康。 2017;12(4):440-450。号码:10.1080/15401383.2017.1328291
      13.火柴RL。饲养宠物和身体健康。当前精神病学观点。 2015;28(5):386-392。 doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000183
      14.Ko HJ,Youn CH,Kim SH,Kim SY。宠物昆虫对社区老年人心理健康的影响:单盲、随机、对照试验。老年学。 2016;62(2):200-209。号码:10.1159/000439129
      15. Insel T. 前 NIMH 主任 Thomas Insel 的文章:没有心理健康就没有健康。国家心理健康研究所。 2011年。
      16. Plana-Ripoll O、Pedersen CB、Agerbo E 等人。与精神障碍相关的死亡率相关健康指标的综合分析:一项全国性的、基于登记的队列研究。柳叶刀。 2019;394(10211):1827-1835。号码:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32316-5

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