The Story Of Ketones And How They Might Be Able To Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease

酮的故事以及它们如何预防阿尔茨海默病

就能量需求而言,大脑是一个维护起来非常“昂贵”的器官。这个非凡的结构平均成人重约 3 磅,其中约 60% 是脂肪,其余组织由水、碳水化合物、蛋白质和盐组成。你的大脑非常昂贵,没有它你就不是你了,因为它消耗了维持整个身体运转所需的每日能量的 20%。尽管与整个身体相比,它的尺寸相对较小。

 

brain-60percent-fat-nutriop-longevity

那么这是怎么回事?为什么你的大脑如此能量消耗大?这与酮和阿尔茨海默病有什么关系?让我们仔细看看你的大脑如何使用能量。


首先,让我们检查一下葡萄糖,它是身体和大脑的主要燃料来源。 葡萄糖源自希腊语glykys,意思是“甜的”,是一种简单的糖,由碳、氢和氧组成。这种糖被全身使用,为身体的多种能量需求提供燃料。您的身体可以通过分解食物中的果糖和乳糖等糖来获取葡萄糖,并且可以分解淀粉类食物来产生葡萄糖。

 

您的身体还可以将肝脏和肌肉中储存的糖原转化为可用的形式。这被称为糖原分解(例如“GLY-co-gen-OLL-eh-sis”),“裂解”的意思是“切割”。

 

Glycogenolysis Nutriop Longevity

 

您的身体产生葡萄糖的另一种方式是一个称为糖异生的过程(例如“GLUE-co-neo-GEN-eh-sis”),您可能会猜到这意味着产生新的葡萄糖。这个过程主要发生在您的肝脏和肾脏中,您的身体在其中使用非碳水化合物前体(例如乳酸)来产生葡萄糖。当您从剧烈运动中恢复时,这种形式的葡萄糖生产尤其活跃。

Gluconeogenesis Nutriop Longevity


您的身体利用葡萄糖产生ATP三磷酸腺苷),这是一种可以携带能量的分子。您可以将 ATP 视为细胞的货币,因为它储存能量,当它分解时,它会释放能量,为生命所需的所有重要过程提供动力。现在回到大脑。

您的大脑消耗了身体的大部分能量,因此必须有可靠且稳定的能量来源,否则就会导致细胞死亡和可能的永久性损伤。来自葡萄糖的能量对于大脑处理信息(包括长期记忆的形成)至关重要。葡萄糖的好处之一是它是一种良好的能量来源,因为每个葡萄糖分子都会产生大量的 ATP。即便如此,生产葡萄糖的过程并不是非常有效,但它确实代表了您身体的非常重要的能量来源,因为它通常很容易获得。

但是,当血糖水平较低时,例如长时间剧烈运动、长时间不进食,甚至在糖尿病等疾病状态下,大脑会做什么?对于对生命至关重要的器官来说,大脑有替代燃料来源是有道理的,而该燃料就是脂肪。不是正常意义上的脂肪,而是在肝脏中分解成酮体的脂肪。

 

three-types-of-ketones-ketosis-nutriop-longevity


当谈到大脑的能量来源时,酮是明显的赢家,因为它们是由 比葡萄糖更有效,含义每个分子产生更多的 ATP。酮也是一种“更清洁”的燃料,因为它们产生的“肮脏”代谢副产物比葡萄糖代谢少得多。

 

ketones-vs-glucose-nutriop-longevity

 

最新的研究还指出,酮除了简单的燃料之外还有其他作用,例如作为 神经元活动的调节者,影响 基因表达 并担任 信号 分子 在你的脑细胞中。



您不必跑马拉松或几天不吃东西来产生酮,因为许多人采用所谓的“酮饮食”,这是一种低碳水化合物,高脂肪计划,帮助他们转变为酮症。许多人报告说,当他们处于酮症状态时,他们的注意力和注意力集中的能力显着增强。经常进行间歇性禁食的人可以达到所谓的代谢灵活性,并且可以轻松地从进食时燃烧碳水化合物转变为禁食时燃烧脂肪(并产生酮)。 间歇性禁食者也报告了与生酮饮食者相同的注意力、注意力和幸福感增强的感觉。

 

 

ketone-bodies-neuroprotection-nutriop

 那么这一切与阿尔茨海默病有什么关系呢?


2016 年,《分子神经科学前沿》杂志发表了一篇有趣的研究文章,题为“酮体能否帮助挽救晚年大脑的燃料供应?对衰老过程中的认知健康和阿尔茨海默病治疗的影响”。作者提出,在患上阿尔茨海默病的人中,与葡萄糖有关的大脑能量存在缺陷,这种缺陷在他们开始表现出疾病症状之前就已显现出来

 

他们的推理基于四个发现:

 

一个 - 对于 64 岁以上且在测试中认知能力正常的人,其额叶皮质中葡萄糖的摄取量大脑比年轻人低。

两个 - 年龄小于 40 岁但具有阿尔茨海默病遗传或生活方式风险因素的人群认知能力也正常的人,与没有遗传或生活方式危险因素的同龄健康人相比,额叶皮层的葡萄糖摄取也较低。

- 被诊断患有阿尔茨海默病AD)的人)或患有轻度认知障碍MCI)的人与上述第一组和第二组中的组具有相同的葡萄糖摄取受损,但他们的大脑对酮的摄取与年龄相同-认知健康的匹配对照。

到目前为止,作者的推理是这样的:前三项研究结果清楚地表明,大脑葡萄糖缺乏会先于认知能力下降,并且随着轻度认知障碍发展为阿尔茨海默病,这种情况会变得更加严重。但看看第四个研究发现:


- 当对同时患有这两种疾病的人进行干预时,提高大脑中酮的可用性 MCI 和 AD,他们的认知能力提高。  

 

由此,作者得出结论,为了开发出一种针对轻度认知衰退和阿尔茨海默氏症的成功治疗方法,需要克服大脑能量供应耗尽的问题。由于患有 MCI 和阿尔茨海默氏病的人大脑对酮的吸收似乎仍然正常,因此向大脑供应酮的干预措施看起来有望至少延缓酮症的发展。 ,或阿尔茨海默病的进展。其中一些干预措施包括补充MCT油(中链甘油三酯),该油已被证明对阿尔茨海默病患者有益,以及其他方法,例如禁食、<高脂肪生酮饮食或添加酮酯或MCT油的常规饮食。

 

当然,还有更多的研究要做,但增加大脑的可用酮供应似乎是一种安全、有研究支持且耐受性良好的方法,可以绕过大脑易患阿尔茨海默病的人的能量不足。 

 

 

参考:

 

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6. 小卡希尔 G. F. (2006)。饥饿时的燃料代谢。安努。努特牧师。 26 1-22。 10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258。

7. Halestrap A. P.,Price N. T. (1999)。质子连接单羧酸转运蛋白 (MCT) 家族:结构、功能和调节。生物化学。 J. 343(第 2 部分),281–299。 10.1042/0264-6021:3430281。

8. Hennebelle M.、Courchesne-Loyer A.、St-Pierre V.、Vandenberghe C.、Castellano C.A.、Fortier M. 等人。 (2016)。初步评估富含 α-亚麻酸的补充剂对年轻人和老年人的生酮作用和血浆 omega-3 脂肪酸的不同影响。营养 16 30040–30045。 10.1016/j.nut.2016.03.025。

9. Hertz L.、Chen Y.、Waagepetersen H.S. (2015)。酮体对阿尔茨海默病的影响与神经代谢低下、β-淀粉样蛋白毒性和星形胶质细胞功能有关。 J.神经化学。 134 7-20。 10.1111/jnc.13107。

10. Castellano C.A.、Baillargeon J.P.、Nugent S.、Tremblay S.、Fortier M.、Imbeault H. 等人。 (2015a)。患有多囊卵巢综合征的年轻女性的局部脑葡萄糖代谢低下:可能与轻度胰岛素抵抗有关。 PLoS ONE 10:e0144116 10.1371/journal.pone.0144116。

11. Castellano C. A.、Nugent S.、Paquet N.、Tremblay S.、Bocti C.、Lacombe G. 等。 (2015b)。轻度阿尔茨海默病痴呆患者大脑 18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖摄取较低,但 11C-乙酰乙酸代谢正常。 J.阿尔茨海默病。 43 1343–1353。 10.3233/JAD-141074。

12. Clarke K.、Tchabanenko K.、Pawlosky R.、Carter E.、Todd King M.、Musa-Veloso K. 等。 (2012)。 (R)-3-羟基丁酸 (R)-3-羟基丁酸酯在健康成年受试者中的动力学、安全性和耐受性。规则。毒性。药理学。 63 401-408。 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.04.008。

13. Courchesne-Loyer A.、St-Pierre V.、Hennebelle M.、Castellano C.A.、Fortier M.、Tessier D. 等。 (2015)。健康人对苯扎贝特和中链三酰甘油联合治疗的生酮反应。营养 31 1255–1259。 10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.015。

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