The newest findings on NAD+, the Circadian Rhythm, and Anti-aging

De nyeste funnene om NAD+, den cirkadiske rytmen og anti-aldring

Mens rollen til døgnrytmen og de anti-aldrende fordelene med NAD+ allerede er velkjente, gir en ny banebrytende studie, publisert for bare en uke siden, nye innsikter i:[i]

 

- I hvilken grad NAD+ kan endre genuttrykket av døgnrytmen.
- Hvordan NAD+, med hjelp fra SIRT1, stabiliserer BMAL1-aktivitet ved å undertrykke PER2 og hvordan dette styrker sirkadian transkripsjon.
- Hvordan NAD+ tilskudd endrer døgnrytmen, gjenoppretter undertrykt BMAL1-binding, cellulære oscillasjoner, respirasjonsrytmer og aktivitetsrytmer tilbake til ungdommelige nivåer.

 

Hva er den cirkadiske rytmen?

Den cirkadiske rytmen beskrives noen ganger også som kroppens interne klokke, som regulerer søvnighet og våkenhet gjennom dagen. Den cirkadiske rytmen styres av et område i hjernen som er svært responsivt for lysendringer. Dette er grunnen til at vi er mest våkne når solen skinner og blir trøtte når det blir mørkt.

Hva er NAD+?

NAD+ er et essensielt molekyl som finnes overalt i kroppen din. Det er en nøkkelkomponent for rundt 500 forskjellige enzymatiske reaksjoner som skjer i kroppene våre [ii]. NAD+ kan suppleres gjennom forløpere, som NMN (Nikotinamidmononukleotid) og NR (Nikotinamidribosid) [iii].

 

 

Hva er for tiden kjent om døgnrytmen og NAD+?

Når vi blir eldre, begynner vår døgnrytme å svekkes – vi føler oss mindre våkne når vi utsettes for sollys og mindre søvnige når det er mørkt. I hovedsak blir kroppens interne klokke dempet [i]. Sammen med nedgangen i døgnrytmen, synker også NAD+-nivåene når vi blir eldre, så naturligvis har forskere vært nysgjerrige på om det er en toveis korrelasjon mellom NAD+-nivåer og døgnrytmen.

 

In vivo- og in vitro-studier har vist at NMN-tilskudd (som øker NAD+-nivåene) forlenger levetiden til organismer som mus [ii] og ormer og mikroorganismer, som gjær [iii]. I tillegg har NMN-tilskudd vist seg å beskytte mot fysisk tilbakegang, tilskrevet aldring, som muskelregenerering, en nedgang i fysisk form, mitokondriell dysfunksjon, svekket syn, insulinresistens, arteriell dysfunksjon og mer [iv].


En studie publisert 4. mai 2020 gir oss ny innsikt i hvordan NAD+ påvirker døgnrytmen.

 

Denne in vivo-studien undersøkte NR (nikotinamid ribosid) tilskudd (400 mg/kg/dag) hos mus over en periode på fire måneder og sammenlignet det med en kontrollgruppe av mus, som i stedet fikk vanlig vann. NR er en annen NAD+ forløper, akkurat som den nevnte NMN. Etter fire måneder ble musenes gener undersøkt; genuttrykket deres endret seg drastisk. Rundt 50 % av musenes gener viste en betydelig endring i uttrykk. Noen gener:

 

1. Viste et tap i døgnrytmeoscillasjon
2. Viste en økning i døgnrytmeoscillasjon
3. Viste en endring i uttrykket av døgnrytme
4. Var upåvirket (rundt 50 %)

 

Selv om dette var bemerkelsesverdige funn, oppstod et viktigere spørsmål. Hvordan oppnår NAD+ disse endringene?
 

Studien begynte å undersøke rollen til BMAL1, som er et protein involvert i transkripsjonen av ulike gener som påvirker mekanismene i den cirkadiske klokken hos alle pattedyr, inkludert mennesker. Mus ble delt inn i to grupper. En av dem hadde normale nivåer av NAD+ og BMAL1, mens den andre gruppen besto av mus som var mangelfulle i BMAL1. Begge gruppene ble injisert med 500 mg/kg NMN (NAD+ forløper), og DNA-prøver ble samlet inn fire timer senere. Etter å ha undersøkt BMAL1-bindingene i prøvene, ble det konkludert med at NAD+ øker cirkadisk transkripsjon ved å stabilisere BMAL1.

 

Men for at NAD+ effektivt skal stabilisere BMAL1-bindinger, kreves tilstedeværelsen av SIRT1. SIRT1 er en sirtuin, en gruppe NAD+-avhengige proteiner. SIRT1 er også en proteindeacetylase. Proteindeacetylaser er enzymer som fjerner acetylgrupper fra lysin (en vanlig aminosyre/protein). Ved å se på celler som ikke inneholder SIRT1, identifiserte de økte nivåer av PER2 i kjernen av disse cellene. PER2 er et protein kjent for å undertrykke BMAL1-aktivitet.

 

Basert på disse funnene kom de til en konklusjon om at: SIRT1 fjerner acetylgruppen fra PER2-proteiner, noe som endrer PER2, og dermed reduserer dens effektivitet i å undertrykke BMAL1-aktivitet. BMAL1-aktivitet kan forbli stabil og dermed bidra til å omprogrammere døgnfunksjonen.

 

Så, mens det nå er kjent hvordan NAD+ påvirker døgnrytmen, ønsket forskerne å finne ut om dette faktisk er den underliggende årsaken til NAD+ sine velkjente helsefordeler.

 

For å undersøke dette, ble to grupper mus gitt NR i to måneder. En gruppe besto av unge, ti måneder gamle mus med høye NAD+-nivåer, den andre gruppen besto av eldre, 22 måneder gamle mus, med lave NAD+-nivåer. Begge gruppene fikk NR i seks måneder. Etter disse seks månedene fant de at de gamle musenes undertrykte BMAL1-binding, cellulære oscillasjoner, respirasjonsrytmer og aktivitetsrytmer ble gjenopprettet til ungdommelige nivåer som var sammenlignbare med den yngre kontrollgruppen.

 

Referanser:

 

[i] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5272178/

[ii] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5668137/

[iii] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112140/

[iv] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5795269/

[i] https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythms.aspx

[ii] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6342515/

[i] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1097276520302367

 

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