Epigenetic Age Acceleration and Its Link to Healthy Longevity in Older Women

表观遗传年龄加速及其与老年女性健康长寿的联系

介绍
随着世界人口老龄化,了解促进健康老龄化的因素变得越来越重要。引起关注的一个研究领域是表观遗传年龄加速(EAA)的研究。 EAA 是指一个人的生物年龄(通过 DNA 的特定变化来衡量)与其实际年龄之间的差异。这种差异可以让我们深入了解一个人的整体健康状况以及患年龄相关疾病的可能性。最近的一项研究调查了老年女性EAA 与健康长寿之间的关系,这使其成为第一个探索这种关系的研究。

研究概述
该研究涉及 1,813 名 70 岁及以上的女性,她们是女性健康倡议 (WHI) 的一部分。 WHI 是一项始于 1993 年的长期研究,旨在确定预防绝经后女性心脏病、骨质疏松症、乳腺癌和结直肠癌的策略。根据健康状况,参与者被分为三组:健康长寿者(活到 90 岁,活动能力和认知功能完好)、活到 90 岁但行动能力和认知功能完好的人,以及未能幸存的人到90岁。

表观遗传年龄测量
EAA 是使用四个已建立的表观遗传时钟来测量的,该时钟根据基因组中特定位点的 DNA 甲基化水平来估计生物年龄。这些时钟包括 Horvath pantissueHannumPhenoGrim 时钟。 DNA甲基化是参与基因表达和剪接的重要表观遗传机制,这些时钟可以为了解一个人的生物年龄和健康状况提供有价值的见解。

 

Epigenetic-Age-Acceleration-and-deceleration-Nutriop-Longevity

研究结果
研究发现,通过所有四个时钟测量,EAA 增加与 90 岁以下且活动能力完好的存活率较低相关。当包括完整的认知功能时,结果相似,尽管只有 29 名女性从健康长寿组重新分类到活到 90 岁但活动能力和认知功能不完整的组。

有趣的是,该研究还显示,健康长寿的女性更有可能是白人,而不是西班牙裔、大学毕业生不吸烟者 >,并且身体质量指数 (BMI)在参考范围或超重范围。与其他两组女性相比,她们更有可能定期散步、适量饮酒,并且患有较少的主要慢性病。

与之前的研究比较
很少有研究探讨 EAA 与健康长寿之间的联系。对来自哥斯达黎加的 48 名长寿尼科亚人和 47 名非尼科亚人进行的一项小型研究发现,两组之间的 EAA 没有显着差异。然而,样本量较小限制了该研究检测更细微差异的能力。

其他研究调查了 EAA 与老年人身体和认知功能之间的关联,但没有专门针对长寿个体。这些研究普遍发现,较高的 EAA 与身体虚弱、握力减弱和认知能力下降的风险增加之间存在关联。

优势与局限性
这项研究有几个优点,例如其老年女性样本规模大且种族多样化,以及生活方式和健康史因素的详细纵向数据。此外,多个表观遗传时钟的使用可以更全面地了解 EAA 与健康长寿的关系。

然而,该研究存在一些局限性。它只包括女性,进一步的研究应该探讨这些发现是否适用于男性和其他种族和族裔群体。此外,研究人群中没有足够多的经历过认知能力下降但没有活动能力丧失的女性来独立探索 EAA 与认知功能之间的关系。

结论和未来方向
这项研究的结果表明,EAA 可能是与老年女性健康长寿相关的有效生物标志物。这些结果表明,EAA 可用于风险分层和估计未来人群中具有完整活动能力和认知功能的生存

考虑到该研究的局限性,未来的研究应寻求在更多样化的人群(包括男性和女性)中复制这些发现,并独立探索 EAA 与认知功能之间的关系。此外,研究公共卫生干预措施在减少 EAA 和相关疾病负担同时延长寿命的潜力可能是有价值的。

对公共卫生的影响
了解 EAA 在健康老龄化中的作用对公众健康具有重大意义。 识别面临加速衰老和年龄相关疾病风险的个体可以采取有针对性的干预措施,以改善老年人的整体健康和生活质量。这些干预措施可能包括促进健康的生活方式,例如定期体育活动、均衡饮食和适量饮酒,本研究发现这些干预措施在健康长寿的女性中更为常见。

此外,了解 EAA 背后的生物过程可能会导致新疗法的开发,以减缓或逆转基因组中与年龄相关的变化。这不仅可以延长老年人的寿命,还可以提高他们的生活质量,使他们能够更长时间地保持活动能力和认知功能。

总之,这项研究对我们理解老年女性表观遗传年龄加速与健康长寿之间的关系做出了重大贡献。虽然还需要进一步的研究来证实和扩展这些发现,但该研究为 EAA 作为衰老生物标志物的潜在用途以及开发有针对性的干预措施以促进健康衰老提供了宝贵的见解。

 

 

参考:

 

1.Jain P、Binder AM、Chen B 等人。美国老年女性表观遗传年龄加速和健康长寿分析。 JAMA 网络公开赛。 2022;5(7):e2223285。 doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23285

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