Urolithin A: A Hidden Gem in Your Diet That Boosts Health and Slows Aging

尿石素 A:饮食中的一颗隐藏宝石,可促进健康并延缓衰老

揭开人体和衰老过程的奥秘是一个持续不断的科学旅程。这一旅程中的重大进步是发现了尿石素 A (UA),这是一种天然存在的化合物,有望增强健康并减缓衰老老化。

UA 于 1980 年首次被鉴定为大鼠体内的代谢物,是石榴、浆果和坚果等多种食物中多酚的产物。将这些复杂的多酚转化为尿酸的不是我们的身体,而是我们的肠道细菌。然而,这种显着的转变只发生在大约 40% 的老年人口中,这使得 UA 生产商成为一个相当独特的俱乐部。产生尿酸的能力依赖于适当的肠道微生物群,该微生物群会随着年龄、健康状况和饮食摄入量而变化。

随着世界努力应对人口老龄化的挑战,营养干预已成为许多研究人员关注的焦点。这使得人们越来越有兴趣了解 UA 在健康和衰老中的作用,以及直接补充 UA 的潜在好处。

UA 对与自然衰老相关的健康状况和与衰老相关的进行性疾病的积极影响已在各种体内临床前研究中得到证明。这些研究强调了UA如何对抗衰老特征的分子机制,引发了人们对其作为人类营养干预潜力的兴趣。

那么,UA 是如何发挥其魔力的呢?关键在于它对线粒体健康的持续影响,这一点在包括细胞在内的多个物种中观察到、蠕虫、老鼠和人类。线粒体是我们细胞的动力源,UA 致力于通过促进线粒体自噬(清除和回收功能失调的线粒体的过程)来改善细胞的健康。这一功能尤其重要,因为线粒体自噬往往会随着年龄的增长和各种与年龄相关的疾病而减弱。通过恢复适当的线粒体自噬水平,UA 提出了一种对抗与年龄相关的器官功能衰退的有前途的策略。

当线粒体受损或暴露于外部线粒体自噬诱导剂时,线粒体自噬就会启动。该过程通过多种途径展开,所有这些途径都可以被 UA 激活。其中一种途径涉及 PTEN 诱导的激酶 1 (PINK1) 和 Parkin。当该通路被触发时,PINK1 会稳定并招募 Parkin,从而导致线粒体蛋白泛素化。这些蛋白质现在充当微管相关蛋白 LC3 和吞噬体膜等衔接蛋白的对接位点,然后被吞噬细胞膜吞噬并与溶酶体融合以清除细胞器。

还有 PINK1-Parkin 独立的线粒体自噬途径,可激活 BNIP3、NIX 和 FUNDC1 等线粒体蛋白。这些蛋白直接招募 LC3 来促进自噬体的形成。所有这些途径最终有助于有效清除功能失调的线粒体,从而改善细胞健康并对抗衰老。

 

Urolithin A_-A Hidden Gem in Your Diet That Boosts Health and Slows Aging



炎症 - 这是一个我们都熟悉的词,但它的含义却是深远的。这种生物反应通常与身体针对损伤或感染的防御机制有关。然而,当这种反应时间延长时,可能会导致慢性炎症,这与各种与年龄相关的疾病以及与衰老相关的细胞功能普遍下降有关。这种持续性的低度炎症甚至在医学界赢得了一个新名称——“炎症衰老”。

现在,想象一下我们是否可以减少这种有害的炎症反应?天然化合物尿石素 A (UA) 在减少炎症和缓解炎症方面已显示出良好的效果。有可能改善我们晚年的健康。

UA 首次因对抗炎症而出名,是在一项针对患有急性结肠炎的老鼠的研究中。该实验表明,在接受 UA 治疗的大鼠结肠中,环氧合酶 2 (COX2)(一种炎症标记物)的 mRNA 和蛋白质水平均显着降低。这一有希望的发现为进一步研究打开了大门。

使用不同模型的进一步研究强化了这些初步发现。 急性和慢性结肠炎小鼠模型均显示促炎细胞因子(放大炎症的蛋白质)持续减少,例如白细胞介素 1 β (IL-1β)、白细胞介素 6 (IL-6) 和肿瘤坏死UA 治疗后血浆中的因子 α (TNFα)。这种抗炎作用并不局限于结肠炎。糖尿病小鼠的炎症细胞因子也表现出同样的减少,同时 IL-10(一种抗炎细胞因子)增加,表明 UA 的广泛潜力。

在其他疾病模型中也观察到了 UA 的益处。高脂肪饮食喂养的小鼠模拟人类肥胖状况,在接受 UA 治疗后,其肝脏中的 IL-1β 水平降低。同样,遭受化疗药物顺铂引起的肾损伤的小鼠的肾脏中的 IL-1β 水平降低。更有希望的是,糖尿病心肌病(一种影响心脏结构和功能的疾病)的大鼠模型在接受 UA 治疗后,显示出 fractalkine(一种影响心脏功能的促炎细胞因子)水平较低。

有趣的是,UA 的作用也延伸到大脑,表明其在对抗神经退行性疾病方面的潜力。在阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型中,UA 治疗导致大脑中 IL-1β、IL-6 和 TNFα 水平降低。这种减少与小胶质细胞活性的增强有关,小胶质细胞是大脑的管家,负责清理细胞碎片和控制炎症反应。此外,在炎症性实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎 (EAE) 小鼠模型中,用 UA 治疗后,观察到炎症细胞浸润减少。

UA 的抗炎特性似乎源于其与各种分子介质的相互作用。特别是,它可以抑制 NF-κB,这是炎症中的关键因子,可调节多种炎症标记物的转录。在巨噬细胞和软骨细胞(负责维持软骨等组织的细胞)中观察到这种抑制作用。此外,阻断AhR-Nrf2通路会影响与机体抗氧化反应相关的基因表达,从而削弱UA的抗炎作用,表明该通路在UA作用机制中发挥着关键作用。

总之,UA 在减轻与衰老和各种疾病相关的慢性炎症方面表现出巨大的潜力。它在减少促炎细胞因子和影响重要分子途径方面的作用使其成为管理“炎症衰老”和相关病症的有前途的候选者。然而,UA 的确切作用机制,特别是它在不同组织和条件下的差异,仍然是正在进行的研究的主题。事实上,需要进一步深入研究才能充分理解和利用其治疗潜力。

值得注意的是,这些发现主要源于临床前模型。虽然这些模型提供了有价值的见解,但这是从小鼠到人类的重大飞跃。因此,在进行更全面的人体研究之前,谨慎解释这些结果至关重要。

然而,UA 的可能性远远超出了炎症的范围。它对衰老和与年龄相关的疾病的影响——从影响我们的肌肉和大脑到我们的关节、肾脏和代谢系统的疾病——正在被积极探索。通过了解 UA 的生物效应,我们有可能为这些疾病解锁新的治疗策略。

总之,UA 抗炎特性的发现为对抗慢性炎症及其相关疾病带来了希望。充分了解 UA 功能的旅程才刚刚开始,它有望增强我们的健康,并有可能延长我们的生活质量。

随着我们不断探索 UA 提供的无数可能性,我们离最终目标又近了一步——改善人类状况毕竟,这不就是医学科学的追求吗?确保我们都能更健康、更快乐、更充实的生活谁知道呢?也许有一天,在 UA 等化合物的帮助下,我们能够直视“炎症老化”的眼睛并说:“不是今天。”在那之前,我们将继续探索,并对等待着的可能性充满希望。

 

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