Aging Gracefully: The Art of Stress Management and Building Resilience

优雅地老去:压力管理和增强韧性的艺术

在一个经常充满动荡的世界中,从自然灾害到经济不确定性,压力已成为我们生活中不可分割的一部分。令人担忧的是,长期承受压力不仅会扰乱我们内心的平静,还会导致衰老以及心脏病和中风等重大健康问题。

通常,我们不可能消除周围的压力源。然而,可行的方法是调整我们的感知并增强对这些压力源的适应力。本文阐述了压力管理的最新研究,并介绍了各种帮助应对压力情况的技术,强调了其对延长寿命的重要性。

压力是对任何需要适应或改变的情况的自动身体反应。这种由应激激素控制的反应会引发各种生理变化,这是一个复杂的过程,由哈佛大学生理学家沃尔特·B·坎农 (Walter B. Cannon) 在一个世纪前首创。他发现了“战斗或逃跑”反应,这是我们都非常熟悉的反应。当面临压力时,我们的心率会飙升,肌肉紧张,呼吸也会加快。

深入研究压力反应的内部运作机制,揭示了我们的大脑、自主神经系统和一系列激素(包括肾上腺素)之间复杂的相互作用。当面临威胁时,这些激素与自主神经系统结合,让我们的身体做好准备战斗逃跑。虽然这种反应可以在紧急危险时挽救生命,但长期激活可能会损害我们的健康并加速衰老。

与早期的看法相反,压力反应通常会在很长一段时间内保持激活状态,尤其是在我们快节奏的社会中,压力源接二连三。这种持续的激活可能会导致持续的炎症和对我们身体的其他破坏性影响,这凸显了压力管理的重要性。

虽然人们常常从负面角度看待压力,但值得注意的是,短期压力可能是有益的。它可以激励人们在紧急任务或人身危险时表现出非凡的业绩。这种“好的”压力或良性压力可以帮助克服障碍并有助于提高绩效水平。然而,持续或过度的压力(称为“苦恼”)可能会妨碍适应和应对的能力,导致表现和健康状况下降。


尽管如此,有些人还是在压力下茁壮成长。这些人通常以控制感、承诺感和强大的社会支持为特征,被称为“有弹性的”。他们展示了如何有效管理压力以产生积极的结果。

 

How stress can be managed effectively to yield positive outcomes

然而,慢性压力(身体的压力反应不适应)可能会导致严重的健康问题,例如高血压。必须识别这些压力来源并有效管理它们,以减轻对我们的健康和衰老的潜在负面影响。

优雅地管理压力和衰老的关键在于培养韧性和技巧来引发放松反应,这与压力反应截然相反。通过定期练习,我们可以恢复平衡并增强我们的幸福感。当我们应对生活中的压力源时,我们要记住,并非所有压力都是坏事。通过有效的管理,我们可以将压力变成促进成长和长寿的强大工具。

 

利用压力管理的力量:健康老龄化和心血管健康的关键

 

科学研究揭穿了冥想等练习对于减轻压力无效的观点,表明它们对基因活动具有深远的影响,从而对身体健康产生积极影响。慢性压力会导致血压升高、影响心脏并导致糖尿病和哮喘等疾病,从而对健康产生负面影响。它甚至可以加速衰老。相反,有效管理压力的人往往会享有更好的健康。

自 2008 年以来, 加州大学洛杉矶分校本森-亨利身心医学研究所迈阿密大学等机构开展的研究表明,通过冥想等练习引发的放松反应可以改变某些基因的活性,从而增进健康。这种反应降低了与慢性炎症相关的基因活性,据信慢性炎症会导致心脏病、炎症性肠病和糖尿病等慢性疾病。同时,它还增强了与能量使用、胰岛素敏感性、端粒维持和线粒体功能等有益功能相关的基因活性,从而帮助身体抵抗氧化应激。

对两组人(长期练习放松反应技术的人和新手)进行的研究表明,经过八周的训练后,基因活性发生了显着变化。强调需要定期引发放松反应,以保持有益的变化。在使用这些技术治疗与压力相关的疾病的人们中也观察到了类似的变化,对健康产生了积极影响,包括降低血压、改善疼痛等级和生活质量。

慢性压力是导致心血管疾病(如动脉粥样硬化、心脏病、高血压和各种心律失常)的重要因素。抑郁、焦虑、愤怒、孤独以及与工作、家庭和财务相关的挑战等心理和社会因素也起着一定作用。9/11恐怖袭击后的观察表明,压力大的人患高血压和其他心脏疾病的可能性更高。慢性压力会增加不健康的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,升高血压,更容易形成血栓,并引起慢性炎症,所有这些都会导致心脏病。

2017 年的一项研究表明,大脑恐惧中心杏仁核活动增强会引发一系列事件,导致炎症和白细胞释放,从而增加心脏病发作的风险。这些发现强调了压力管理对心血管健康的重要性。

研究还表明,控制压力可能有助于延缓衰老,因为端粒是染色体末端的保护结构,随着细胞的不断更新,端粒会逐渐变短。压力似乎会加速这一过程,压力大的人端粒往往更短。一项初步研究表明,采用低脂饮食、运动、减压和社会支持计划可以将端粒长度增加 10%,从而有可能延缓衰老。

 

压力管理在心脏健康和康复中的潜力


研究表明,压力管理对心脏病有益。研究考察了本森-亨利身心医学研究所的心脏健康计划和迪恩奥尼什博士的心脏病逆转计划。这些计划旨在通过改变生活方式,如压力管理、锻炼和营养咨询来改善心脏健康。经过三年的研究,这两个项目的参与者的健康状况都有显著改善,包括体重减轻、血压降低、胆固醇水平改善和心理健康增强。参与者还报告心脏功能有所改善,与对照组相比,本森-亨利计划中的参与者死亡率更低,因心脏病住院的可能性更小。

研究还发现,压力管理可以提高心脏病发作或心脏手术后患者心脏康复的益处。将压力管理纳入康复的患者心脏病发作发生率为 18%,而标准康复的患者心脏病发作发生率为 33%,未参与康复的患者心脏病发作发生率为 47%。以正念为基础的减压计划也有望改善心脏病发作幸存者的抑郁、压力和焦虑。有证据表明,结合身心方法来减轻压力可以提高传统心脏康复的有效性。

结论

冥想和其他减压技巧可以带来巨大的健康益处,抵消慢性压力对身体健康的有害影响,并有可能延缓衰老过程。慢性压力会导致各种健康问题,例如高血压、心脏病和加速衰老。然而,定期练习压力管理技巧可以抵消这些影响,有助于改善健康状况。研究表明,这些做法可以影响与炎症和细胞健康相关的基因活性,甚至可能通过维持端粒长度来减缓衰老过程。

在心血管疾病的背景下,压力可显着促进各种疾病的发展,其影响范围从不健康胆固醇水平升高到慢性炎症。然而,压力管理技术已被证明可以改善心脏病患者的健康结果,有可能改善心脏功能并减少心脏事件的发生率。

总体而言,证据表明压力管理技术可以提供显着的健康益处。这些好处不仅可以抵消慢性压力对身体健康的不利影响,还有助于改善心理健康。定期练习这些技术是关键,“剂量反应”效应表明,使用越频繁和一致,效果就越大。这些发现强调了压力管理作为维持和增强整体健康和福祉的宝贵工具的重要性。

 

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